Jeffrey Hopkins' Tibetan-Sanskrit-English Dictionary: dn
dngang
[tenses] dngang; dngang; dngangs; dngangs [translation-eng] {Hopkins} be frightened; fear; panic
dngang ba
[tenses] dngang; dngang; dngangs; dngangs [translation-san] {L} uttrasati
[translation-san] {MV} trāsita
[translation-san] {C} saṃtrasayati
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} tremble; be afraid; panic [translation-eng] {C} tremble; be afraid; is frightened
dngang ba 'gyur
[tenses] dngang; dngang; dngangs; dngangs [translation-san] {L} uttrasati
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} tremble; be afraid; panic
dngul
[translation-san] {C} rajata [translation-eng] {Hopkins} silver; money [translation-eng] {C} silver(ish)
dngul khang
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} bank
dngos
[translation-san] {LCh} sākṣāt [translation-san] maula [translation-san] {GD:386} mukhyat
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} actual [as opposed to imputed, btags pa ba]; actual [as opposed to ancillary, zhar]; explicit [as opposed to implicit, shugs]; direct [as opposed to indirect, rgyud]; real; manifest
[translation-eng] {GD:386} primary sense; {GD:515} true (as opposed to metaphorical, btags pa ba); principal (as opposed to secondary, zhar); explicit (as opposed to implicit, shugs); direct (as opposed to indirect, rgyud); self (as opposed to other, gzhan)
dngos kyi bsgrub bya'i chos
[tenses] bsgrub; sgrub; bsgrubs; sgrubs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicit predicate of the probandum
dngos kyi brjod bya
[tenses] brjod; rjod; brjod; rjod
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicit object expressed
[translation-eng] {GD:297} the direct signified object; {GD:434} direct object of signification; {GD:435} to signify direct objects
dngos kyi brjod bya dang rjod byed
[tenses] brjod; rjod; brjod; rjod
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicit object verbalized and means of verbalization
dngos kyi nyer len
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} direct substantial cause
dngos kyi ma nges pa'i gtan tshigs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} actual indefinite reason
dngos kyi lhan cig byed rkyen
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} direct cooperative condition
dngos grub
[tenses] 'grub; 'grub; 'grubs/grub; grubs [translation-san] {LCh,C} siddhi
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} feat; accomplishment; yogic accomplishment; actual accomplishment; fact
[translation-eng] {C} success
dngos grub ji ltar sgrub pa
[tenses] bsgrub; sgrub; bsgrubs; sgrubs [translation-eng] {Hopkins} how to achieve feats
dngos 'gal
[translation-san] sākṣādvirodha
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} directly contradictory; dichotomy; direct contradictories
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid rnam bcad yongs gcod gang zhig gnyis dang gnyis ma yin gyi phung gsum sel ba/
[definition-eng] Def.: those which are such that (1) the exclusion [that an existent is one of them] includes [that it is the other] and (2) a third possibility that is both or not both [of them] is eliminated
dngos rgyu
[translation-san] {LCh} sākṣāt-kāraṇa [translation-eng] {Hopkins} direct cause [definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos su skyed byed [definition-eng] Def.: direct producer
[comments] Comment: There are two types of causes, direct cause (dngos rgyu) and indirect cause (brgyud rgyu).
dngos gnyen
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} direct antidote; actual antidote
dngos gnyen bar chad med lam
[tenses] 'chad; 'chad; chad; chad
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} uninterrupted paths that are direct antidotes
dngos stobs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} power of the thing; power of the fact
dngos stobs rjes dpag
[tenses] dngos; stobs; kyi; rjes; dpag [translation-san] *vastubalānumāna
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} inference through the power of the fact/thing; inferential cognition through the power of the fact/thing
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid rang gi rten dngos stobs kyi rtags yang dag la brten nas rang gi gzhal bya cung zad lkog gyur la mi slu ba'i zhen rig
[definition-eng] Def.: a determinative knower which--depending upon its basis, a correct sign by the power of the fact--is incontrovertible with respect to its object of comprehension, a slightly hidden phenomenon
[comments] Comment: This is one of the three divisions of inference (rjes dpag)—inference through power of the fact (dngos stobs rjes dpag), inference through renown (grags pa'i rjes dpag), and inference through belief (yid ches rjes dpag).
dngos bstan
[tenses] bstan; ston; bstand; stond
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicit teaching; actual teaching
dngos gnas
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} actual; in fact
dngos po
[translation-san] {LCh,MSA,MV,C,L} vastu [translation-san] {LCh,MSA,MV,C,L} bhāva [translation-san] {L} dravya [translation-san] {L} mūla
[translation-san] {MSA} upadhi
[translation-san] {C} padārtha
[translation-san] {GD:106} sat
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} thing; [functioning] thing; impermanent thing; phenomenon; entity; category; actuality
[translation-eng] {N} topic; {C}actual reality; real thing; substantial (entity); root; basis; underlying reality; (objective) entity; objective reality; property; possession; cause; objectively existing entity; objective basis; existence; (= 5 skandhas); positivity; positive existent; topic; an entity which corresponds to; meaning of a word; what is meant by (a) word; track
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid don byed nus pa
[definition-eng] Def.: that which is able to perform a function
[division-bod] dbye ba 1 bem po 2 shes pa 3 ldan min 'dus byed
[division-eng] Div.: (1) matter; (2) consciousness; (3) non-associated compositional factor synonym
[bod] don gcig mi rtag pa/ byas pa/ 'dus byas/ rgyu/ 'bras bu/ rang mtshan/ don dam bden pa/ mngon gyur/ mngon sum gyi snang yul/ lhan cig byed rkyen/ yod pa /; [eng] Syn.: impermanent; product; caused phenomenon; cause; effect; specifically characterized phenomenon; ultimate truth; manifest phenomenon; [B-7 adds:] appearing object of direct prime cognition; [synonym in Causes and Effects (rgyu 'bras):] cooperative condition; {GD:106} existent phenomena
dngos po stobs shugs kyi rigs pa
[translation-san] {GD} vastubalapravṛttānumāna
[translation-eng] {GD:760} investigation relying on inference produced by the power of facts; {GD:765} inference proceeding from the mere power of fact
dngos po thams cad las
[translation-san] {C} aupadhika
[translation-eng] {C} (derived from) material gifts given in faith to the Tathāgata [fifth puṅya-kriyā- vastu]
dngos po mtha'
[translation-san] {L} vastvanta
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} final object; final entity; limits of phenomena
dngos po dang gcig
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} one with thing
dngos po dang gcig du gyur pa'i dngos po
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} thing that is one with thing
dngos po dang bcas par
[translation-san] {C} vastukam [translation-eng] {C} as if it were an entity
dngos po snang ba bstan stobs kyis 'jug pa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} engages [its object] by the power of the thing's showing itself
dngos po 'phangs
[translation-san] {C} vastu-prema [translation-eng] {C} affection for property
dngos po ma mchis
[translation-san] {C} abhāva
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} non-thing; non-entity
dngos po ma mchis pa
[translation-san] {C} abhāva
[translation-san] {C} avastukam
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} non-thing; non-entity [translation-eng] {C} without a corresponding entity
dngos po ma yin pa las log pa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} opposite from non-thing
dngos po med
[translation-san] {C,L,MV} abhāva (={C}asaṃskṛtam)
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} non-thing; non-entity; non-existent; without thing
[translation-eng] {C} absence; non-existence; non-existent; non-positive; absence of positivity; negativity; non-positivity; not a positive existence
dngos po med pa
[translation-san] {C,L,MV} abhāva
[translation-san] {C} asad-bhāvatā
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} non-thing; non-entity; non-existent; without thing [translation-eng] {C} has no real existence; state of non-existence
dngos po med pa stong pa nyid
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} emptiness of non-entities
[comments] Comment: In Jo-nang, this is the emptiness of imputational natures which here include other-powered natures.
dngos po med pa'i ngo bo nyid
[translation-san] {C,MV} abhāva-svabhāva
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} nature of non-things; nataure of non-entities
[comments] Comment: In Jo-nang non-entities here are imputational natures, which include other- powered natures, and thus are all conventionalities.
dngos po med pa'i ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} emptiness that is the nature of non-entities
[comments] Comment: Dol-b#o-b#a S#hay-rap-gyel-tsen explains that this means the emptiness that is the ultimate nature which is the opposite of non-entities, or conventionalities (kun rdzob las bzlog pa don dam pa'i ngo bo nyid). Non-entities here are imputational natures which include other- powered natures and thus are all conventionalities. In Ge-luk-b#a explanations, this emptiness is the emptiness of the nature of non-entities, that is to say, the emptiness of the inherent existence of non- things, or non-products.
dngos po gzhan dang ma 'dres pa
[tenses] 'dres/'dre; 'dres/'dre; 'dres; 'dres
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} not mixed with other things [translation-eng] {GD:273} [real] things exist unmixed with other things
dngos po yin pa las log pa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} opposite from thing
dngos po yod pa smra ba
[translation-san] vastusat-padārthavādin [translation-eng] {Hopkins} Proponent of True Existence
dngos po rang gi rdzas rgyun du gtso bor skyed byed
[tenses] bskyed; skyed; bskyed; skyed
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} main producer of a thing as a continuation of its own substantial entity [comments] Comment: This is the definition of substantial cause of thing (dngos po'i nyer len).
dngos po rang dbang ba
[translation-san] bhāvāḥ svatantrāḥ
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} self-powered thing; independent thing
dngos po la gnas pa
[translation-san] {C} vastu-pratiṣṭhita
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} abiding in things; abiding in fact; existing in fact [translation-eng] {C} supported by a thing
dngos po la lhar ma song yang
[tenses] song; song; song; song
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} despite not having become a deity in actuality/fact
dngos po las gzhan pa'i chos gang gi yang mtshan nyid mi byed pa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} does not serve as the definition of any other phenomenon other than thing
dngos po'i skyed byed
[tenses] bskyed; skyed; bskyed; skyed
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} producer of thing
[comments] Comment: This is the definition of thing's cause (dngos po'i rgyu).
dngos po'i bskyed bya
[tenses] bskyed; skyed; bskyed; skyed
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} produced object of thing; that which is produced by thing [comments] Comment: This is the definition of effect of thing (dngos po'i 'bras bu).
dngos po'i rgyu
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} cause of thing
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} (1) indirect cause of functioning thing; (2) direct cause of functioning thing; or: (1) substantial cause of functioning thing; (2) cooperating cause of functioning thing
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po'i skyed byed [definition-eng] Def.: producer of thing
[division-bod] dbye ba dngos po'i brgyud rgyu/ dngos po'i dngos rgyu/ yang med na/ dngos po'i nyer len/ dngos po'i lhan cig byed rkyen/
[division-eng] Div.: (1) thing's indirect cause; (2) thing's direct cause; (or) (1) thing's substantial cause; (2) thing's cooperating condition
dngos po'i rgyu gyur pa'i gang zag
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} a person who is a cause of thing
dngos po'i brgyud rgyu
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} thing's indirect cause [definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po'i brgyud nas skyed byed [definition-eng] Def.: indirect producer of thing
dngos po'i brgyud nas bskyed bya
[tenses] bskyed; skyed; bskyed; skyed
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} indirectly produced object of thing
[comments] Comment: This is the definition of indirect effect of thing (dngos po'i brgyud 'bras).
dngos po'i brgyud 'bras
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} indirect effect of thing [definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po'i brgyud nas bskyed bya [definition-eng] Def.: that which is indirectly produced by thing
dngos po'i dngos rgyu
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} thing's direct cause [definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po'i dngos su skyed byed [definition-eng] Def.: direct producer of thing
dngos po'i dngos 'bras
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} direct effect of thing [definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po'i dngos su bskyed bya [definition-eng] Def.: that which is directly produced by thing
dngos po'i dngos su bskyed bya
[tenses] bskyed; skyed; bskyed; skyed
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} directly produced object of thing
[comments] Comment: This is the definition of direct effect of thing (dngos po'i dngos 'bras).
dngos po'i snga logs su byung ba
[tenses] 'byung; 'byung; byung; byung [translation-eng] {Hopkins} previous arising of thing
dngos po'i nyer len
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} substantial cause of thing
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po rang gi rdzas rgyun du gtso bor skyed byed [definition-eng] Def.: main producer of thing as a continuation of its substantial entity
dngos po'i stobs kyis zhugs pa'i 'brel ba
[tenses] zhug; 'jug; zhugs; zhugs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} relation which operates by the power of the things/facts [translation-eng] {GD:785} relation by the power of facts
dngos po'i mtha' la dmigs pa
[tenses] dmigs; dmigs; dmigs; dmigs
[translation-san] vastvantālambana
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} observing the limits of phenomena
dngos po'i don ldog
[tenses] ldog; ldog; ldogs; ldogs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} meaning-isolate of thing [i.e., that which is able to perform a function (don byed nus pa)]
dngos po'i ldog pa
[tenses] ldog; ldog; ldogs; ldogs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} thing's isolate; thing simpliciter [i.e., dngos po]
dngos po'i ldog pa dang yin khyab mnyam
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} mutually inclusive with thing
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} Synonym: functioning thing's isolate (dngos po'i ldog pa)
[division-bod] don gcig 1 dngos po dang gcig 2 dngos po dang gcig du gyur pa'i dngos po/ 3 don byed nus pa'i mtshon bya/ 4 don byed nus pa'i btags yod chos gsum tshang ba/
[division-eng] Equivalents: (1) one with thing; (2) thing that is one with thing; (3) definiendum of that which is able to perform a function; (4) the triply qualified imputed existent of that which is able to perform a function
dngos po'i gnas tshul
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} mode of abiding of things; way things abide/exist
dngos po'i gnas lugs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} mode of subsistence/abiding of things
[comments] Comment: ""Subsistence"" here does not mean ""merely getting by"" as it does with subsistence farming; rather, it means ""existence"" or ""persisting existence.""
dngos po'i rnam pa
[translation-san] bhāvajātam [translation-eng] {Hopkins} aspects of things
dngos po'i spyi ldog
[tenses] ldog; ldog; ldogs; ldogs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} generality-isolate [i.e. dngos po]
dngos po'i phyi logs su byung ba
[tenses] 'byung; 'byung; byung; byung
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} subsequent arising of thing
dngos po'i bye brag
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} instance of thing; particular of thing
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid khyod dngos po yin/ khyod dngos po dang bdag gcig du 'brel/ khyod ma yin zhing dngos po yang yin pa'i gzhi mthun pa du ma grub pa/
[definition-eng] Def.: it is a thing; it is of one nature with functioning thing; and there are many established common loci which are not it but are functioning things
[comments] Comment: Examples of an instance of thing are pot (bum pa) and pillar (ka ba).
dngos po'i 'bras bu
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} effect of thing
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} (1) direct effect of functioning thing; (2) indirect effect of functioning thing; or: (1) substantial cause of functioning thing; (2) cooperating cause of functioning thing
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po'i bskyed bya [definition-eng] Def.: that which is produced by thing
[division-bod] dbye ba dngos po'i dngos 'bras/ dngos po'i brgyud 'bras/ yang med na/ dngos po'i nyer 'bras/ dngos po'i lhan cig byed 'bras/
[division-eng] Div.: (1) thing's direct effect; (2) thing's indirect effect; (or) (1) thing's substantial effect; (2) thing's cooperative effect
dngos po'i mtshan nyid
[translation-san] {MV} bhāva-lakṣaṇa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} definition of thing; defining character of thing [i.e., that which is able to perform a function (don byed nus pa)]
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po'i rdzas yod chos gsum tshang ba [definition-eng] Def.: the triply qualified substantial existent of thing
dngos po'i mtshan gzhi
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} illustration of thing [e.g., pot]
dngos po'i rdzas yod chos gsum tshang ba
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} the triply qualified substantial existent of thing
[comments] Comment: This is the definition of thing's definition (dngos po'i mtshan nyid).
dngos po'i gzhi ldog
[tenses] ldog; ldog; ldogs; ldogs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} illustration-isolate of thing; illustration simpliciter [e.g., pot]
dngos po'i rang ldog
[tenses] ldog; ldog; ldogs; ldogs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} self-isolate of thing [i.e., thing]
dngos po'i rang bzhin
[translation-san] bhāva-svarūpa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} inherent existence of things
dngos po'i rang bzhin mkhas
[translation-san] {C} bhāva-svabhāva-kuśala
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} wise with respect to the nature of things [translation-eng] {C} skilled in seeing the own-being of existence (existents?)
dngos po'i rang bzhin bral pas
[translation-san] {C} bhāva-svabhāva-vigata
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} free from the inherent existence of things [translation-eng] {C} in its own-being without existence
dngos po'i gshis
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} basic disposition of things
dngos po'i lhan cig byed rkyen
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} cooperative condition of thing
[definition-bod] mtshan nyid dngos po rang gi rdzas rgyun ma yin par rdzas su gtso bor skyed byed
[definition-eng] Def.: that which is a main producer of thing as a substantial entity but not as a continuation of its own substantial entity
dngos por 'gyur ba
[tenses] 'gyur; 'gyurd; gyur; gyurd
[translation-san] {C} bhavati
[translation-eng] {C} becomes; stands; takes place; occurs; comes about
dngos por smra ba
[translation-san] vastusat-padārthavādin [translation-eng] {Hopkins} Proponent of True Existence
dngos por lhung ba
[translation-san] {C} vastu-patita
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} fallen into [the conception of] true existence [translation-eng] {C} fallen among things
dngos bral
[translation-san] {C} bhāva-vigata [translation-eng] {C} free from existence
dngos dbang gis 'jug pa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} engages [its object] by the power of the thing
dngos 'bras
[translation-san] sākṣāt-phala [translation-eng] {Hopkins} direct effect
[comments] Comment: There are two types of effects: direct effect (dngos 'bras) and indirect effect (rgyud 'bras).
dngos 'bras ma dmigs pa
[tenses] dmigs; dmigs; dmigs; dmigs
[translation-san] sākṣāt-kārya-anupalabdhi
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} non-observation of a direct effect
dngos ming
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} actual name
dngos med
[translation-san] {LCh,C,MV} abhāva
[translation-san] avastu
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} non-thing; that which is not a [functioning] thing; non-existent [comments] Comment: See dngos med kyi chos and dngos po med.
dngos med kyi chos
[translation-san] abhāva-dharma
[translation-san] avastu-dharma
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} phenomenon which is a non-thing; non-[functioning] phenomenon [definition-bod] mtshan nyid don byed nus stong gi chos
[definition-eng] Def.: a phenomenon that is empty of being able to perform a function synonym
[bod] don gcig rtag pa/ spyi mtshan/ kun rdzob bden pa/ 'dus ma byas kyi chos/ ma byas pa'i chos/ rtog pa'i snang yul/; [eng] Syn.: permanent phenomenon; generally characterized phenomenon; conventional truth; uncaused phenomenon; non-product phenomenon; [B-7 includes:] appearing object of a conceptual consciousness
[comments] Comment: In the Sūtra School and above, illustrations of phenomena which are non- things, that is to say, which exist but do not perform the function of creating effects, are object of knowledge (shes bya); the two, permanent and functioning thing (rtag dngos gnyis); uncompounded space ('dus ma byas kyi nam mkha').
dngos med ngo bo nyid
[translation-san] {C} abhāva-svabhāva
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} nature of non-things; nature of non-entities
[translation-eng] {C} absence of own-being; have non-existence for own-being; have no own- being; the own-being is non-existent
[comments] Comment: In Jo-nang non-entities here are imputational natures, which include other- powered natures, and thus are all conventionalities.
dngos smra ba
[translation-san] vastusat-padārtha-vādin
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} Proponent of True/Inherent Existence
dngos gzhi
[translation-san] maula
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} [actual-base]; actual; actual [session of practice]; actual [topic]
dngos gzhi'i snyoms 'jug
[translation-san] maulasamāpatti
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} actual absorption; actual meditative absorption
dngos yin pa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} is actual; actually present
dngos yin mi dgos pa'i phyir te
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} because it is not neccessary that they be actual
dngos la bdag gir 'dzin pa
[tenses] gzung; 'dzin; bzung; zungs
[translation-san] {C} vastu-mamatā
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} conception/apprehension ""mine"" with respect to things [translation-eng] {C} sense of ownership about property
dngos la gnas pa
[translation-san] {C} vastu-niśraya [translation-eng] {Hopkins} abiding in fact [translation-eng] {C} basis; support
dngos la gnod byed
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} damage to the explicit [teaching]; refutation of the explicit [teaching]
dngos las
[translation-san] {GD:696} sākṣāt [translation-eng] {GD:696} real thing
dngos shugs la rtogs pa
[tenses] rtogs; rtogs; rtogs; rtogs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicit and implicit realization [translation-eng] {GD:389} explicit-implicit realization
dngos su
[translation-san] {LCh} vastutaḥ
[translation-san] vastutas
[translation-san] {LCh} sākṣāt
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicitly; actually; directly
dngos su skyed byed
[tenses] bskyed; skyed; bskyed; skyed
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} direct producer
[comments] Comment: This is the definition of direct cause (dngos rgyu).
dngos su rjes su bzung nas
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} actually being taken care of
dngos su rjod
[tenses] brjod; rjod; brjod; rjod
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} directly express/verbalize [translation-eng] {GD:434} directly signify
dngos su brjod
[tenses] brjod; rjod; brjod; rjod
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} directly express/verbalize [translation-eng] {GD:435} directly signify
dngos su rtogs pa
[tenses] rtogs; rtogs; rtogs; rtogs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicitly realize; explicit realization [translation-eng] {GD:515} direct realization
dngos su bstan pa
[tenses] bstan; ston; bstand; stond
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicitly teach/indicate
dngos su spong byed
[tenses] spang; spong; spangs; spongs
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} means of direct abandonment/dispelling; direct abandoner/dispeller
dngos su phan tshun mi gnas
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} directly mutually exclusive
dngos su sbyar ba
[tenses] sbyar; sbyor; sbyard; sbyord [translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicitly affixed
dngos su mdzad pa
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicitly use/do
dngos su rig
[translation-eng] {Hopkins} explicitly know/cognize
[translation-eng] {GD:520} unmediated cognition (in the epistemological sense)